Alkyl amides for enhanced food soil removal and asphalt dissolution

ABSTRACT

The present invention comprises a hard surface cleaning composition including an environmentally friendly alkyl amide solvent, derived from renewable bio-based resources that works at least as well as d-limonene. In one embodiment, the present invention is a cleaning composition including an anionic surfactant salt, a saturated C 8  to C 10  alkyl amide solvent, a cosolvent and water. The composition is substantially free of d-limonene and can remove red food soils with up to 20 percent protein, and also functions as an asphalt removal composition.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of cleaning compositions andsolvents used therein. In particular, the invention relates to anenvironmentally friendly solvent component of alkyl amides for cleaningincluding but not limited to food and oily soil hard surface cleaningcompositions, pot and pan soaking compositions, and asphalt dissolution.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Solvents derived from renewable biological feedstocks that are non-toxicand have very good environmental properties are becoming highlydesirable for replacement of many halogenated or other toxic solvents.

D-limonene is a biodegradable cleaning solvent and degreaser occurringin nature as the main component of citrus peel oil. These user-friendlycharacteristics encourage the use of d-limonene in solvent applications.However, d-limonene lacks some physical properties that limit itsapplicability to more widespread use.

D-limonene is not water-miscible and consequently not easilywater-rinsable and is considered a non-aqueous cleaning solvent.D-limonene is a slow-drying solvent, that does not quickly evaporate offof surfaces to which it has been applied.

In many other cleaning applications, water miscibility is important.Being able to rinse a solvent-cleaned surface with water after thesolvent cleaning step is preferable to rinsing with an organic solvent.Furthermore, aqueous rinses are often easier to handle and dispose ofafter application. Thus, water rinse ability is highly desirable in acleaning solvent for economic and environmental reasons.

It is an object of the present invention to provide cleaningcompositions that include environmentally desirable solvent componentsand which also provide superior cleaning of surfaces as a replacementfor d-limonene or other solvents with limitations enumerated herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises a cleaning composition including anenvironmentally friendly alkyl amide solvent derived from renewablebio-based resources that works at least as well as d-limonene. In oneembodiment, the present invention is a cleaning composition including asurfactant, an alkyl amide solvent, an optional chelating agent andwater. The composition may be substantially free of d-limonene.

In one aspect, the present technology provides a cleaning compositionhaving about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % solvent; about 5.0 wt. % toabout 40 wt. % of one or more surfactants and 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt.% of a carrier, wherein the solvent is an alkyl amide solvent,derivatives thereof and/or combinations thereof. In some aspects, thecleaning composition can contain other functional additives such as achelant, a water conditioner, a co-solvent and the like.

In another aspect, the present technology provides a hard surfacecleaning composition comprising about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. %solvent; about 5.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of one or more surfactantsand 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of a carrier, wherein the solvent is analkyl amide solvent, derivatives thereof and/or combinations thereof;and wherein the hard surface cleaner provides at least equivalentcleaning performance when compared with a hard surface cleaner with ad-limonene solvent. In some aspects, the hard surface cleaner is dilutedat least 1:10 with water. In other aspects, the hard surface cleaner isdiluted at least 1:50, alternatively 1:100, alternatively 1:500,alternatively 1:1000 in water.

In another aspect, the present technology provides a pre-soakdishwashing composition comprising: 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % solvent;about 5.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of one or more surfactants and 0.1 wt.% to about 90 wt. % of a carrier, wherein the solvent is an alkyl amidesolvent, derivatives thereof and/or combinations thereof. The pre-soakcomposition provides at least equivalent cleaning performance whencompared with the same pre-soak dishwashing with D-limonene as a solventinstead of the alkyl amide.

In yet another aspect, the present technology provides a ready to usecleaning composition comprising an at least 1:10 dilution of acomposition comprising 5.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of one or moresurfactants and 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of a carrier, wherein thesolvent is an alkyl amide solvent, derivatives thereof and/orcombinations thereof. The ready to use cleaning composition provides atleast equivalent foam performance when compared with the same ready touse composition containing d-limonene as a solvent.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a method of removingsoils from a surface. The method includes diluting a cleaner with waterof dilution to form a use solution and contacting the surface with theuse solution. In one embodiment, the cleaner includes 0.5 wt. % to about30 wt. % solvent; about 5.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of one or moresurfactants and 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of a carrier, wherein thesolvent is an alkyl amide solvent, derivatives thereof and/orcombinations thereof. The composition may optionally include one or morefunctional ingredients such as a pH adjuster, a chelator, and/or a waterconditioning agent. The use solution is capable of removing soilsincluding up to 20% proteins.

In yet another aspect the present technology provides an aqueouscomposition for dissolving petroleum or asphalt in primary and secondarypetroleum recovery methods. Petroleum recovery is typically accomplishedby drilling into a petroleum containing formation and the solventcontaining composition of the invention may be used to enhance the sameby dissolving petroleum deposits that have accumulated on the drill.They may also be used to enhance recovery in secondary recovery methods,such as those containing viscous petroleum/asphalt. In such cases, suchas water flooding, steam injection, gas flooding and combinationsthereof, the composition may be used to enhance petroleum recovery bydissolving petroleum in the deposit for extraction. Methods includeinjecting an aqueous composition of the invention to dissolve and forceresidual petroleum in an underground formation to one or more recoverywells.

In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process forenhanced oil recovery. The process includes the steps of providing anamide solvent containing composition of the invention to provide an oilrecovery solution; and introducing the oil recovery solution into anearthen formation at a pressure to provide for enhanced oil recovery. Inanother aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process forenhanced oil recovery including the steps of providing an amide solventcontaining composition of the invention to provide an oil recoverysolution; and introducing the oil recovery solution into an earthenformation where drilling is taking place to remove deposits lodged onthe drill.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of thepresent invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe following detailed description, which shows and describesillustrative embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings anddetailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature andnot restrictive.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of red food soil removal withcompositions of the invention compared to control compositions withd-limonene.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of black oily soil removal withcompositions of the invention compared to control compositions withd-limonene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, allnumbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions usedherein are to be understood as being modified in all instances by theterm “about”.

As used herein, weight percent (wt-%), percent by weight, % by weight,and the like are synonyms that refer to the concentration of a substanceas the weight of that substance divided by the total weight of thecomposition and multiplied by 100. Weight percents are reported at 18%actives unless otherwise specified.

As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredientin the compositions of the invention or employed in the methods of theinvention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur,for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling proceduresused for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; throughinadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in themanufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make thecompositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term about alsoencompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditionsfor a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whetheror not modified by the term “about,” the claims include equivalents tothe quantities.

The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain monovalenthydrocarbon radical having a specified number of carbon atoms. Alkylgroups may be unsubstituted or substituted with substituents that do notinterfere with the specified function of the composition and may besubstituted once or twice with the same or different group. Substituentsmay include alkoxy, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkyl substituted amino,nitro, carboxy, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, cyano, methylsulfonylamino, orhalogen, for example. Examples of “alkyl” include, but are not limitedto, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and the like.

The term “surfactant” or “surface active agent” refers to an organicchemical that when added to a liquid changes the properties of thatliquid at a surface.

“Cleaning” means to perform or aid in soil removal, bleaching, microbialpopulation reduction, rinsing, or combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “substantially free” refers to compositionscompletely lacking the component or having such a small amount of thecomponent that the component does not affect the effectiveness of thecomposition. The component may be present as an impurity or as acontaminant and shall be less than 0.5 wt. %. In another embodiment, theamount of the component is less than 0.1 wt-% and in yet anotherembodiment, the amount of component is less than 0.01 wt. %.

As used herein, the term “ware” includes items such as eating andcooking utensils. As used herein, the term “ware washing” refers towashing, cleaning, or rinsing ware.

As used herein, the term “hard surface” includes showers, sinks,toilets, bathtubs, countertops, windows, mirrors, transportationvehicles, floors, and the like. These surfaces can be those typified as“hard surfaces” (such as walls, floors, bed-pans).

It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referentsunless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture oftwo or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” isgenerally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise.

The term “actives” or “percent actives” or “percent by weight actives”or “actives concentration” are used interchangeably herein and refers tothe concentration of those ingredients involved in cleaning expressed asa percentage minus inert ingredients such as water or salts.

The term “substantially similar cleaning performance” refers generallyto achievement by a substitute cleaning product or substitute cleaningsystem of generally the same degree (or at least not a significantlylesser degree) of cleanliness or with generally the same expenditure (orat least not a significantly lesser expenditure) of effort, or both,when using the substitute cleaning product or substitute cleaning systemrather than a alkyl phenol ethoxylate-containing cleaning to address atypical soiling condition on a typical substrate. This degree ofcleanliness may, depending on the particular cleaning product andparticular substrate, correspond to a general absence of visible soils,or to some lesser degree of cleanliness, as explained in the priorparagraph.

Alkyl Amide Solvent Containing Compositions

The present invention relates to cleaning compositions and methods ofusing the cleaning compositions for cleaning and removing organic soilsfrom a surface in any of a number of embodiments, such as pot and panpre-soaks, hard surface cleaners, or petroleum recovery.

In particular, the cleaning composition is effective at removing foodsoils including proteins, lard and oils from various surfaces. Forexample, the cleaning composition is effective at removing soilscontaining up to about 20% protein. The cleaning composition is alsoeffective at removing oily soils including such things as clay, andmotor oil and dissolving asphalt.

The cleaning compositions include an environmentally friendly alkylamide solvent, derived from renewable bio-based resources. In oneembodiment, the present invention is a cleaning composition including asurfactant, an alkyl amide solvent, and water. The composition may besubstantially free of d-limonene.

In one aspect, the present technology provides a cleaning compositionhaving about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % solvent; about 5.0 wt. % toabout 40 wt. % of one or more surfactants and 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt.% of a carrier, wherein the solvent is an alkyl amide solvent,derivatives thereof and/or combinations thereof. In some aspects, thecleaning composition can contain other functional additives such as achelant, a water conditioner, and the like.

Thus, the cleaning compositions provide a green, readily biodegradablerenewable, replacement for conventional detergent solvents. The cleaningcompositions can be used in various industries, including, but notlimited to: manual and automatic ware washing, vehicle washing, food andbeverage, vehicle care, quick service restaurants, petroleum recoveryand textile care. In particular, the cleaning compositions can be usedin hard-surface cleaning applications, including, for example: bathroomsurfaces, dishwashing equipment, food and beverage equipment, vehiclesand tabletops. The cleaning compositions can also be used in pot and panpre-soak embodiments.

COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION Alkyl Amide Solvent

Alkyl amides useful for the present invention include those with theformula:

R¹CO—NR²R³

where R¹ is R⁴—C₉H₆— or R⁵O₂C—C₆H₃o-; R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₇ alkyl; R⁵is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, oxyalkylene,polyoxyalkylene, glyceryl ester, or a mono- or divalent cation; and eachof R² and R³ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or —CH₂CH₂OR⁶ where R⁶ isH or C C₆ alkyl. Preferably, the R groups are saturated.

Particularly preferred are C₈-C₁₀ dimethyl amides. One example of alkylamides useful for the invention include the line of Steposol amides,including, for example, Steposol® M8-10 (N, N-dimethyloctanamide)(N,N-dimethylcaprylamide) andN,N-dimethyldecanamide(N,N-dimethylcapramide)), and Steposol® M10(N,N-dimethyldecanamide(N,N-dimethylcapramide)) commercially availablefrom Stepan Company, Northfield Ill.

The composition of the include from about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % ofan alkyl amide solvent; preferably about 1.0 wt. % to about 25 wt. % andmost preferably from about 5.0 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. In general, thealkyl amide solvent may replace a d-limonene solvent on a 1:1 wt. %basis.

Surfactants

The cleaning composition contains a detersive amount of an anionicsurfactant or a mixture of anionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants aredesirable in cleaning compositions because of their wetting anddetersive properties. The anionic surfactants that can be used accordingto the invention include any anionic surfactant available in thecleaning industry. Suitable groups of anionic surfactants includesulfonates and sulfates. Suitable surfactants that can be provided inthe anionic surfactant component include alkyl aryl sulfonates,secondary alkane sulfonates, alkyl methyl ester sulfonates, alpha olefinsulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, and alcohol sulfates.

Suitable alkyl aryl sulfonates that can be used in the cleaningcomposition can have an alkyl group that contains 6 to 24 carbon atomsand the aryl group can be at least one of benzene, toluene, and xylene.A suitable alkyl aryl sulfonate includes linear alkyl benzene sulfonate.A suitable linear alkyl benzene sulfonate includes linear dodecyl benzylsulfonate that can be provided as an acid that is neutralized to formthe sulfonate. Additional suitable alkyl aryl sulfonates include xylenesulfonate and cumene sulfonate.

Suitable alkane sulfonates that can be used in the cleaning compositioncan have an alkane group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms. Suitable alkanesulfonates that can be used include secondary alkane sulfonates. Asuitable secondary alkane sulfonate includes sodium C₁₄-C₁₇ secondaryalkyl sulfonate commercially available as Hostapur SAS from Clariant.

Suitable alkyl methyl ester sulfonates that can be used in the cleaningcomposition include those having an alkyl group containing 6 to 24carbon atoms. Suitable alpha olefin sulfonates that can be used in thecleaning composition include those having alpha olefin groups containing6 to 24 carbon atoms.

Suitable alkyl ether sulfates that can be used in the cleaningcomposition include those having between about 1 and about 10 repeatingalkoxy groups, between about 1 and about 5 repeating alkoxy groups. Ingeneral, the alkoxy group will contain between about 2 and about 4carbon atoms. A suitable alkoxy group is ethoxy. A suitable alkyl ethersulfate is sodium lauric ether ethoxylate sulfate and is available underthe name Steol CS-460.

Suitable alkyl sulfates that can be used in the cleaning compositioninclude those having an alkyl group containing 6 to 24 carbon atoms.Suitable alkyl sulfates include, but are not limited to, sodium laurylsulfate and sodium lauryl/myristyl sulfate.

Suitable alcohol sulfates that can be used in the cleaning compositioninclude those having an alcohol group containing about 6 to about 24carbon atoms.

The anionic surfactant can be neutralized with an alkaline metal salt,an amine, or a mixture thereof. Suitable alkaline metal salts includesodium, potassium, and magnesium. Suitable amines includemonoethanolamine, triethanolamine, and monoisopropanolamine. If amixture of salts is used, a suitable mixture of alkaline metal salt canbe sodium and magnesium, and the molar ratio of sodium to magnesium canbe between about 3:1 and about 1:1.

In a preferred embodiment the anionic surfactant is an amine salt formof the anionic surfactant.

The cleaning composition, when provided as a concentrate, can includethe anionic surfactant component in an amount sufficient to provide ause composition having desired wetting and detersive properties afterdilution with water. The composition can contain from about 5 wt. % toabout 40 wt. %, about 10 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, and 15 wt. %, about 30wt. % to and similar intermediate concentrations of the anionicsurfactant.

Neutralizing Agent

The anionic surfactant can be neutralized with an alkaline metal salt,an amine, or a mixture thereof. Suitable alkaline metal salts includesodium, potassium, and magnesium. Suitable amines includemonoethanolamine, triethanolamine, and monoisopropanolamine. If amixture of salts is used, a suitable mixture of alkaline metal salt canbe sodium and magnesium, and the molar ratio of sodium to magnesium canbe between about 3:1 and about 1:1. When present, the neutralizing agentis present in any amount sufficient to neutralize the anionicsurfactant. Examples of typical amounts can be from about 0 wt. % toabout 35 wt. %, about 0 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, and 0 wt. %, about 25wt. %.

Polar Carrier

The cleaning composition also includes a carrier, such as water. Itshould be appreciated that the water may be provided as deionized wateror as softened water. The water provided as part of the concentrate canbe relatively free of hardness. It is expected that the water can bedeionized to remove a portion of the dissolved solids. Althoughdeionized water is preferred for formulating the concentrate, theconcentrate can be formulated with water that has not been deionized.That is, the concentrate can be formulated with water that includesdissolved solids, and can be formulated with water that can becharacterized as hard water. The amount of water in a liquid cleaningcomposition of the invention is preferably from about 0% to about 99% byweight of the total composition, alternatively from about 0.1% to about90%, alternatively between about 1% and about 85%, alternatively about5% to about 80% by weight of the total composition. Alternatively, theamount of principal carrier, e.g., water, can be in a percentage as tobring the total percentage of the composition to 100%.

Water Conditioning Agent/Chelant

The water conditioning agent/chelant is optional, but preferred and aidsin removing metal compounds and in reducing harmful effects of hardnesscomponents in service water. Exemplary water conditioning agents includechelating agents, sequestering agents and inhibitors. Polyvalent metalcations or compounds such as a calcium, a magnesium, an iron, amanganese, a molybdenum, etc. cation or compound, or mixtures thereof,can be present in service water and in complex soils. Such compounds orcations can interfere with the effectiveness of a washing or rinsingcompositions during a cleaning application. A water conditioning agentcan effectively complex and remove such compounds or cations from soiledsurfaces and can reduce or eliminate the inappropriate interaction withactive ingredients including the nonionic surfactants and anionicsurfactants of the invention. Both organic and inorganic waterconditioning agents are common and can be used. Inorganic waterconditioning agents include such compounds as sodium tripolyphosphateand other higher linear and cyclic polyphosphates species. Organic waterconditioning agents include both polymeric and small molecule waterconditioning agents. Organic small molecule water conditioning agentsare typically organocarboxylate compounds or organophosphate waterconditioning agents. Polymeric inhibitors commonly comprise polyanioniccompositions such as polyacrylic acid compounds. Small molecule organicwater conditioning agents include, but are not limited to: sodiumgluconate, sodium glucoheptonate, N-hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid(HEDTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid(NTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA),ethylenediaminetetraproprionic acid, triethylenetetraaminehexaaceticacid (TTHA), and the respective alkali metal, ammonium and substitutedammonium salts thereof, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt(EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt (NTA), ethanoldiglycinedisodium salt (EDG), diethanolglycine sodium-salt (DEG), and1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (PDTA), dicarboxymethyl glutamicacid tetrasodium salt (GLDA), methylglycine-N—N-diacetic acid trisodiumsalt (MGDA), and iminodisuccinate sodium salt (IDS). All of these areknown and commercially available.

The composition of the include from about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. %of an water conditioning agent/chelant; preferably about 0.05 wt. % toabout 10 wt. % and most preferably from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt.%.

Additional Surfactant

The cleaning composition can contain additional surfactants such asnonionic, amphoteric, or cationic surfactants. Nonionic surfactants canbe included in the cleaning composition to enhance grease removalproperties. Although the additional surfactant component can include anonionic surfactant component, it should be understood that the nonioniccosurfactant component can be excluded from the detergent composition.

Nonionic surfactants that can be used in the composition includepolyalkylene oxide surfactants (also known as polyoxyalkylenesurfactants or polyalkylene glycol surfactants). Suitable polyalkyleneoxide surfactants include polyoxypropylene surfactants andpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactants. Suitable surfactants of this typeare synthetic organic polyoxypropylene (PO)-polyoxyethylene (EO) blockcopolymers. These surfactants include a di-block polymer comprising anEO block and a PO block, a center block of polyoxypropylene units (PO),and having blocks of polyoxyethylene grafted onto the polyoxypropyleneunit or a center block of EO with attached PO blocks. Further, thissurfactant can have further blocks of either polyoxyethylene orpolyoxypropylene in the molecules. A suitable average molecular weightrange of useful surfactants can be about 1,000 to about 40,000 and theweight percent content of ethylene oxide can be about 10-80 wt. %.

Additional nonionic surfactants include alcohol alkoxylates. An suitablealcohol alkoxylate include linear alcohol ethoxylates such as Tomadol™1-5 which is a surfactant containing an alkyl group having 11 carbonatoms and 5 moles of ethylene oxide. Additional alcohol alkoxylatesinclude alkylphenol ethoxylates, branched alcohol ethoxylates, secondaryalcohol ethoxylates (e.g., Tergitol 15-S-7 from Dow Chemical), castoroil ethoxylates, alkylamine ethoxylates, tallow amine ethoxylates, fattyacid ethoxylates, sorbital oleate ethoxylates, end-capped ethoxylates,or mixtures thereof. Additional nonionic surfactants include amides suchas fatty alkanolamides, alkyldiethanolamides, coconut diethanolamide,lauramide diethanolamide, cocoamide diethanolamide, polyethylene glycolcocoamide (e.g., PEG-6 cocoamide), oleic diethanolamide, or mixturesthereof. Additional suitable nonionic surfactants includepolyalkoxylated aliphatic base, polyalkoxylated amide, glycol esters,glycerol esters, amine oxides, phosphate esters, alcohol phosphate,fatty triglycerides, fatty triglyceride esters, alkyl ether phosphate,alkyl esters, alkyl phenol ethoxylate phosphate esters, alkylpolysaccharides, block copolymers, alkyl polyglucosides, or mixturesthereof.

When nonionic surfactants are included in the detergent compositionconcentrate, they can be included in an amount of at least about 0.1 wt.% and can be included in an amount of up to about 15 wt. %. Theconcentrate can include about 0.1 to 1.0 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. % to about12 wt. % or about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the nonionic surfactant.

Amphoteric surfactants can also be used to provide desired detersiveproperties. Suitable amphoteric surfactants that can be used include,but are not limited to: betaines, imidazolines, and propionates.Suitable amphoteric surfactants include, but are not limited to:sultaines, amphopropionates, amphodipropionates, aminopropionates,aminodipropionates, amphoacetates, amphodiacetates, andamphohydroxypropylsulfonates.

When the detergent composition includes an amphoteric surfactant, theamphoteric surfactant can be included in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % toabout 15 wt. %. The concentrate can include about 0.1 wt. % to about 1.0wt. %, 0.5 wt. % to about 12 wt. % or about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % ofthe amphoteric surfactant.

The cleaning composition can contain a cationic surfactant componentthat includes a detersive amount of cationic surfactant or a mixture ofcationic surfactants. The cationic surfactant can be used to providesanitizing properties.

Cationic surfactants that can be used in the cleaning compositioninclude, but are not limited to: amines such as primary, secondary andtertiary monoamines with C₁₈ alkyl or alkenyl chains, ethoxylatedalkylamines, alkoxylates of ethylenediamine, imidazoles such as a1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazoline, a2-alkyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazoline, and the like; and quaternaryammonium salts, as for example, alkylquaternary ammonium chloridesurfactants such as n-alkyl(C₁₂-C₁₈)dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride,n-tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride monohydrate, and anaphthylene-substituted quaternary ammonium chloride such asdimethyl-1-naphthylmethylammonium chloride. When the detergentcomposition includes an cationic surfactant, the cationic surfactant canbe included in an amount of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. Theconcentrate can include about 0.1 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. %, 0.5 wt. % toabout 12 wt. % or about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the cationicsurfactant.

Additional Solvent

In addition to the alkyl amide solvent, the compositions may alsocontain cosolvents or additional solvent to further enhance soil removalproperties. Such additional solvents may be used to adjust the viscosityof the final composition. The intended final use of the composition maydetermine whether or not an additional solvent or cosolvent is includedin the cleaning composition. The solvent may or may not be included toimprove soil removal, handle ability or ease of use of the compositionsof the invention. Suitable solvents useful in removing hydrophobic soilsinclude, but are not limited to: oxygenated solvents such as loweralkanols, lower alkyl ethers, glycols, aryl glycol ethers and loweralkyl glycol ethers. Examples of other solvents include, but are notlimited to: methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and butanol,isobutanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, mixed ethylene-propylene glycolethers, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, and propylene glycol phenyl ether.Substantially water soluble glycol ether solvents include, not are notlimited to: propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol propylether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methylether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether,diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyleneglycol propyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, triethylene glycolmethyl ether, triethylene glycol ethyl ether, triethylene glycol butylether and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the composition issubstantially free of d-limonene. When additional solvent is present,the composition can contain from about 0 wt. % to about 40 wt. %,preferably from about 0 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, and more preferablyfrom about 0 wt. %, about 30 wt. % and similar intermediateconcentrations of the solvent. In a preferred embodiment the compositioninclude a cosolvent of glycol ether.

In one embodiment, the cleaning compositions of the present inventionare substantially free of d-limonene or any nonrenewable solvents,making the detergent composition more environmentally acceptable.D-limonene-free refers to a composition, mixture, or ingredients towhich D-limonene is not added. Should d-limonene be present throughcontamination, the level of d-limonene in the resulting composition isless than approximately 0.5 wt. %, less than approximately 0.1 wt %, andoften less than approximately 0.01 wt. %.

Additional Functional Materials

The cleaning composition can include additional components or agents,such as additional functional materials. The functional materialsprovide desired properties and functionalities to the cleaningcomposition. For the purpose of this application, the term “functionalmaterials” include a material that when dispersed or dissolved in a useand/or concentrate solution, such as an aqueous solution, provides abeneficial property in a particular use. The cleaning preparationscontaining the alkyl amide solvent may optionally contain othersoil-digesting components, co-surfactants, disinfectants, sanitizers,acidulants, complexing agents, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors,dyes, thickening or gelling agents, and perfumes, as described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,341,983, incorporated herein by reference.Some particular examples of functional materials are discussed in moredetail below, but it should be understood by those of skill in the artand others that the particular materials discussed are given by way ofexample only, and that a broad variety of other functional materials maybe used. For example, many of the functional materials discussed belowrelate to materials used in cleaning and/or destaining applications, butit should be understood that other embodiments may include functionalmaterials for use in other applications.

Thickening Agents

The viscosity of the cleaning composition increases with the amount ofthickening agent, and viscous compositions are useful for uses where thecleaning composition clings to the surface. Suitable thickeners caninclude those which do not leave contaminating residue on the surface tobe treated. Generally, thickeners which may be used in the presentinvention include natural gums such as xanthan gum, guar gum, modifiedguar, or other gums from plant mucilage; polysaccharide basedthickeners, such as alginates, starches, and cellulosic polymers (e.g.,carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like);polyacrylates thickeners; and hydrocolloid thickeners, such as pectin.Generally, the concentration of thickener employed in the presentcompositions or methods will be dictated by the desired viscosity withinthe final composition. However, as a general guideline, the viscosity ofthickener within the present composition ranges from about 0.1 wt. % toabout 3 wt. %, from about 0.1 wt. % to about 2 wt. %, or about 0.1 wt. %to about 0.5 wt. %.

Bleaching Agents

The cleaning composition may also include bleaching agents forlightening or whitening a substrate. Examples of suitable bleachingagents include bleaching compounds capable of liberating an activehalogen species, such as Cl₂, Br₂, —OCl⁻ and/or —OBr⁻, under conditionstypically encountered during the cleansing process. Suitable bleachingagents for use in the present cleaning compositions include, forexample, chlorine-containing compounds such as a chlorine, ahypochlorite, and chloramine. Exemplary halogen-releasing compoundsinclude the alkali metal dichloroisocyanurates, chlorinated trisodiumphosphate, the alkali metal hypochlorites, monochloramine anddichloramine, and the like. Encapsulated chlorine sources may also beused to enhance the stability of the chlorine source in the composition(see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,914 and 4,830,773, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for allpurposes). A bleaching agent may also be a peroxygen or active oxygensource such as hydrogen peroxide, perborates, sodium carbonateperoxyhydrate, phosphate peroxyhydrates, potassium permonosulfate, andsodium perborate mono and tetrahydrate, with and without activators suchas tetraacetylethylene diamine, and the like. The composition caninclude an effective amount of a bleaching agent. When the concentrateincludes a bleaching agent, it can be included in an amount of about 0.1wt. % to about 60 wt. %, about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, about 3 wt. %to about 8 wt. %, and about 3 wt. % to about 6 wt. %.

Detergent Fillers

The cleaning composition can include an effective amount of detergentfillers, which does not perform as a cleaning agent per se, butcooperates with the cleaning agent to enhance the overall cleaningcapacity of the composition. Examples of detergent fillers suitable foruse in the present cleaning compositions include sodium sulfate, sodiumchloride, starch, sugars, C₁-C₁₀ alkylene glycols such as propyleneglycol, and the like. When the concentrate includes a detergent filler,it can be included in an amount of between about 1 wt. % and about 20wt. % and between about 3 wt. % and about 15 wt. %.

Defoaming Agents

The cleaning composition can include a defoaming agent to reduce thestability of foam and reduce foaming. When the concentrate includes adefoaming agent, the defoaming agent can be provided in an amount ofbetween about 0.01 wt. % and about 3 wt. %.

Examples of defoaming agents that can be used in the compositionincludes ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers such as thoseavailable under the name Pluronic N3, silicone compounds such as silicadispersed in polydimethylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, andfunctionalized polydimethylsiloxane such as those available under thename Abil B9952, fatty amides, hydrocarbon waxes, fatty acids, fattyesters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid soaps, ethoxylates, mineral oils,polyethylene glycol esters, alkyl phosphate esters such as monostearylphosphate, and the like. A discussion of defoaming agents may be found,for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,548 to Martin et al., U.S. Pat. No.3,334,147 to Brunelle et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,242 to Rue et al.,the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for allpurposes.

Antiredeposition Agents

The cleaning composition can include an anti-redeposition agent forfacilitating sustained suspension of soils in a cleaning solution andpreventing the removed soils from being redeposited onto the substratebeing cleaned. Examples of suitable anti-redeposition agents includefatty acid amides, fluorocarbon surfactants, complex phosphate esters,styrene maleic anhydride copolymers, and cellulosic derivatives such ashydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like. When theconcentrate includes an anti-redeposition agent, the anti-redepositionagent can be included in an amount of between about 0.5 wt. % and about10 wt. % and between about 1 wt. % and about 5 wt. %.

Stabilizing Agents

Stabilizing agents that can be used in the cleaning composition include,but are not limited to: primary aliphatic amines, betaines, borate,calcium ions, sodium citrate, citric acid, sodium formate, glycerine,malonic acid, organic diacids, polyols, propylene glycol, and mixturesthereof. The concentrate need not include a stabilizing agent, but whenthe concentrate includes a stabilizing agent, it can be included in anamount that provides the desired level of stability of the concentrate.Exemplary ranges of the stabilizing agent include up to about 20 wt. %,between about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % and between about 2 wt. % toabout 10 wt. %.

Dispersants

Dispersants that can be used in the cleaning composition include maleicacid/olefin copolymers, polyacrylic acid, and its copolymers, andmixtures thereof. The concentrate need not include a dispersant, butwhen a dispersant is included it can be included in an amount thatprovides the desired dispersant properties. Exemplary ranges of thedispersant in the concentrate can be up to about 20 wt. %, between about0.5 w.% and about 15 wt. %, and between about 2 wt. % and about 9 wt. %.

Hydrotropes

The compositions of the invention may optionally include a hydrotropethat aides in compositional stability and aqueous formulation.Functionally speaking, the suitable hydrotrope couplers which can beemployed are non-toxic and retain the active ingredients in aqueoussolution throughout the temperature range and concentration to which aconcentrate or any use solution is exposed.

Any hydrotrope coupler may be used provided it does not react with theother components of the composition or negatively affect the performanceproperties of the composition. Representative classes of hydrotropiccoupling agents or solubilizers which can be employed include anionicsurfactants such as alkyl sulfates and alkane sulfonates, linear alkylbenzene or naphthalene sulfonates, secondary alkane sulfonates, alkylether sulfates or sulfonates, alkyl phosphates or phosphonates, dialkylsulfosuccinic acid esters, sugar esters (e.g., sorbitan esters), amineoxides (mono-, di-, or tri-alkyl) and C₈-C₁₀ alkyl glucosides. Preferredcoupling agents for use in the present invention includen-octanesulfonate, available as NAS 8D from Ecolab Inc., n-octyldimethylamine oxide, and the commonly available aromatic sulfonates suchas the alkyl benzene sulfonates (e.g. xylene sulfonates) or naphthalenesulfonates, aryl or alkaryl phosphate esters or their alkoxylatedanalogues having 1 to about 40 ethylene, propylene or butylene oxideunits or mixtures thereof. Other preferred hydrotropes include nonionicsurfactants of C₆-C₂₄ alcohol alkoxylates (alkoxylate means ethoxylates,propoxylates, butoxylates, and co- or -terpolymer mixtures thereof)(preferably C₆-C₁₄ alcohol alkoxylates) having 1 to about 15 alkyleneoxide groups (preferably about 4 to about 10 alkylene oxide groups);C₆-C₂₄ alkylphenol alkoxylates (preferably C₆-C₁₀ alkylphenolalkoxylates) having 1 to about 15 alkylene oxide groups (preferablyabout 4 to about 10 alkylene oxide groups); C₆-C₂₄ alkylpolyglycosides(preferably C₆-C₂₀ alkylpolyglycosides) having 1 to about 15 glycosidegroups (preferably about 4 to about 10 glycoside groups); C₆-C₂₄ fattyacid ester ethoxylates, propoxylates or glycerides; and C₄-C₁₂ mono ordialkanolamides. A preferred hydrotope is sodium xylenesulfonate (SXS).

The composition of an optional hydrotrope can be present in the range offrom about 0 to about 25 percent by weight.

Dyes and Fragrances

Various dyes, odorants including perfumes, and other aesthetic enhancingagents may also be included in the cleaning composition. Dyes may beincluded to alter the appearance of the composition, as for example, anyof a variety of FD&C dyes, D&C dyes, and the like. Additional suitabledyes include Direct Blue 86 (Miles), Fastusol Blue (Mobay ChemicalCorp.), Acid Orange 7 (American Cyanamid), Basic Violet 10 (Sandoz),Acid Yellow 23 (GAF), Acid Yellow 17 (Sigma Chemical), Sap Green(Keystone Aniline and Chemical), Metanil Yellow (Keystone Aniline andChemical), Acid Blue 9 (Hilton Davis), Sandolan Blue/Acid Blue 182(Sandoz), Hisol Fast Red (Capitol Color and Chemical), Fluorescein(Capitol Color and Chemical), Acid Green 25 (BASF), Pylakor Acid BrightRed (Pylam), and the like.

Fragrances or perfumes that may be included in the compositions include,for example, terpenoids such as citronellol, aldehydes such as amylcinnamaldehyde, a jasmine such as C1S-jasmine or jasmal, vanillin, andthe like.

Adjuvants

The present composition can also include any number of adjuvants.Specifically, the composition can include stabilizing agents, wettingagents, thickeners, foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides,hydrogen peroxide, pigments or dyes among any number of otherconstituents which can be added to the composition. Such adjuvants canbe preformulated with the present composition or added to the systemsimultaneously, or even after, the addition of the present composition.The composition can also contain any number of other constituents asnecessitated by the application, which are known and which canfacilitate the activity of the present compositions.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT COMPOSITIONS

The cleaning composition of the present invention is effective atremoving soils containing proteins, lard and oils. In one embodiment,the cleaning composition is effective at removing soils containing up toabout 20% protein. Several suitable exemplary liquid concentratecompositions are provided in the following table. In general, d-limoneneis replaced 1:1 at the actives level in all formulations with alkylamides.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compositions First Second Third Range Range RangeComponent (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) Water 0.1-90  1-85 5-80 Amide solvent0.5-30  1-25 5-20 Anionic surfactant 5-40 10-35  15-30  chelant 0-150-10 0-5  Additional solvent 0-30 0-25 0-20

The concentrate composition of the present invention can be provided asa solid, liquid, or gel, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment,the cleaning compositions may be provided as a concentrate such that thecleaning composition is substantially free of any added water or theconcentrate may contain a nominal amount of water. The concentrate canbe formulated without any water or can be provided with a relativelysmall amount of water in order to reduce the expense of transporting theconcentrate. For example, the composition concentrate can be provided asa capsule or pellet of compressed powder, a solid, or loose powder,either contained by a water soluble material or not. In the case ofproviding the capsule or pellet of the composition in a material, thecapsule or pellet can be introduced into a volume of water, and ifpresent the water soluble material can solubilize, degrade, or disperseto allow contact of the composition concentrate with the water. For thepurposes of this disclosure, the terms “capsule” and “pellet” are usedfor exemplary purposes and are not intended to limit the delivery modeof the invention to a particular shape.

When provided as a liquid concentrate composition, the concentrate canbe diluted through dispensing equipment using aspirators, peristalticpumps, gear pumps, mass flow meters, and the like. This liquidconcentrate embodiment can also be delivered in bottles, jars, dosingbottles, bottles with dosing caps, and the like. The liquid concentratecomposition can be filled into a multi-chambered cartridge insert thatis then placed in a spray bottle or other delivery device filled with apre-measured amount of water.

In yet another embodiment, the concentrate composition can be providedin a solid form that resists crumbling or other degradation until placedinto a container. Such container may either be filled with water beforeplacing the composition concentrate into the container, or it may befilled with water after the composition concentrate is placed into thecontainer. In either case, the solid concentrate composition dissolves,solubilizes, or otherwise disintegrates upon contact with water. In aparticular embodiment, the solid concentrate composition dissolvesrapidly thereby allowing the concentrate composition to become a usecomposition and further allowing the end user to apply the usecomposition to a surface in need of cleaning. When the cleaningcomposition is provided as a solid, the compositions provided above maybe altered in a manner to solidify the cleaning composition by any meansknown in the art. For example, the amount of water may be reduced oradditional ingredients may be added to the cleaning composition, such asa solidification agent.

In another embodiment, the solid concentrate composition can be dilutedthrough dispensing equipment whereby water is sprayed at the solid blockforming the use solution. The water flow is delivered at a relativelyconstant rate using mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic controls andthe like. The solid concentrate composition can also be diluted throughdispensing equipment whereby water flows around the solid block,creating a use solution as the solid concentrate dissolves. The solidconcentrate composition can also be diluted through pellet, tablet,powder and paste dispensers, and the like.

The water used to dilute the concentrate (water of dilution) can beavailable at the locale or site of dilution. The water of dilution maycontain varying levels of hardness depending upon the locale. Servicewater available from various municipalities have varying levels ofhardness. It is desirable to provide a concentrate that can handle thehardness levels found in the service water of various municipalities.The water of dilution that is used to dilute the concentrate can becharacterized as hard water when it includes at least 1 grain hardness.It is expected that the water of dilution can include at least 5 grainshardness, at least 10 grains hardness, or at least 20 grains hardness.

It is expected that the concentrate will be diluted with the water ofdilution in order to provide a use solution having a desired level ofdetersive properties. If the use solution is required to remove tough orheavy soils, it is expected that the concentrate can be diluted with thewater of dilution at a weight ratio of at least 1:1 and up to 1:8. If alight duty cleaning use solution is desired, it is expected that theconcentrate can be diluted at a weight ratio of concentrate to water ofdilution of up to about 1:256.

In an alternate embodiment, the cleaning compositions may be provided asa ready-to-use (RTU) composition. If the cleaning composition isprovided as a RTU composition, a more significant amount of water isadded to the cleaning composition as a diluent. When the concentrate isprovided as a liquid, it may be desirable to provide it in a flowableform so that it can be pumped or aspirated. It has been found that it isgenerally difficult to accurately pump a small amount of a liquid. It isgenerally more effective to pump a larger amount of a liquid.Accordingly, although it is desirable to provide the concentrate with aslittle water as possible in order to reduce transportation costs, it isalso desirable to provide a concentrate that can be dispensedaccurately. In the case of a liquid concentrate, it is expected thatwater will be present in an amount of up to about 90 wt. %, particularlybetween about 20 wt. % and about 85 wt. %, more particularly betweenabout 30 wt. % and about 80 wt. % and most particularly between about 50wt. % and about 80 wt. %.

In the case of a RTU composition, it should be noted that theabove-disclosed cleaning composition may, if desired, be further dilutedwith up to about 96 wt. % water, based on the weight of the cleaningcomposition.

Compositions of the invention may be useful to clean a variety ofsurfaces. Invention compositions may be used to clean soils on hardsurfaces including but not limited to ceramics, ceramic tile, grout,granite, concrete, mirrors, enameled surfaces, metals includingaluminum, brass, stainless steel and the like. Compositions of theinvention may also be used to clean soiled linens such as towels,sheets, and nonwoven webs. As such, compositions of the invention areuseful to formulate hard surface cleaners, laundry detergents, ovencleaners, hand soaps, automotive detergents, and ware washing detergentswhether automatic or manual.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is more particularly described in the followingexamples that are intended as illustrations only, since numerousmodifications and variations within the scope of the present inventionwill be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise noted,all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examplesare on a weight basis, and all reagents used in the examples wereobtained, or are available, from the chemical suppliers described below,or may be synthesized by conventional techniques.

Materials Used

-   -   Steposol M-8-10 a distributed amide:        N,N-dimethyloctanamide(N,N-dimethylcaprylamide) and        N,N-dimethyldecanamide(N,N-dimethylcapramide) commercially        available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill. 60093.    -   Steposol M-10 N,N-dimethyldecanamide(N,N-dimethylcapramide)        commercially available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill.        60093.

Red Food Soil Removal Test

A red food soil consisting of lard, oil, protein, and iron (III) oxide(for color) was prepared. About 30 grams of lard was combined with about30 grams of corn oil, about 15 grams of whole powdered egg, and about1.5 grams of Fe₂O₃. The soil has 20% protein content.

The back, grooved sides of a plurality of 3″×3″ white vinyl tiles weresoiled with approximately 0.75 grams of the red food soil using a 3″foam brush. The tiles were allowed to dry at room temperature overnight.It is believed that this incubation period allowed the bonds holding thetriglycerides and proteins together in the soil to begin to crystallizeand interlink. The next day, the tiles were placed into a soaking traycontaining about 200 grams of a test composition for about 1 minute.

The soil removal test was conducted using a Gardner StraightlineApparatus with a synthetic sponge. The synthetic sponge was pre-dampenedwith water with the excess water squeezed out and then saturated withabout 50 grams of the test compositions. The tiles were then placed intothe Gardner Straightline Apparatus with the grain of the tiles parallelto the direction of sponge travel. The tiles were scrubbed with about 2pounds of pressure with the moistened synthetic sponge for 16 cycles,rotating the tiles 90 degrees every 4 cycles for a complete 360 degreerotation of the tiles. The tiles were then rinsed with city water anddried overnight at room temperature. Hunter Lab L* reflectance of thesoiled tiles and washed tiles were measured. The soiled tiles L*reflectance value is represented by the following equation:

${{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} = \frac{1}{3.38\; {\ln \left( \frac{92.1 - 24.74}{{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{*}} - 24.74} \right)}}$

where 3.38, 92.1, and 24.74 are constants. The washed tiles L*reflectance value is represented by the following equation:

${{{wa}{shed}}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} = \frac{1}{3.38\; {\ln \left( \frac{92.1 - 24.74}{{{washed}\mspace{14mu} L^{*}} - 24.74} \right)}}$

The percent soil removal was then calculated as:

${{percent}\mspace{14mu} {soil}\mspace{14mu} {removal}} = {\left( \frac{{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} - {{washed}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}}}{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} \right)*100}$

The compositions were evaluated based on the d-limonene containingcontrol formula. If the composition removed an acceptable amount of redfood soil at all concentrations, the compositions were then evaluated todetermine whether they performed substantially similarly to, and couldact as a suitable replacement for, a commercially known cleaner. Twocompositions were considered to behave substantially similarly if theamount of red food soil removed was within about 10% at low and highconcentrations and within about 15% at intermediate concentrations.

Black Oily Soil Removal Test

A black oily soil including about 50 grams mineral spirits, about 5grams mineral oil, about 5 grams motor oil, about 2.5 grams oil dag andabout 37.5 grams bandy black clay was prepared.

A plurality of 3″×3″ white vinyl tiles were soiled on the back, groovedside with approximately 0.75 grams of the black oily test soil using a3″ foam brush. The tiles were allowed to dry at room temperatureovernight. The next day, the tiles were placed into a soaking traycontaining about 200 grams of the cleaning composition for about 2minutes. The soil removal test was conducted using a Garner StraightlineApparatus with a synthetic sponge. The sponge was pre-dampened withwater with the excess water squeezed out and then saturated with about50 grams of the test compositions.

The tiles were then placed into the Gardner Straightline Apparatus withthe grain of the tiles parallel to the direction of sponge travel. Thetiles were then scrubbed with about 2 pounds of pressure with themoistened synthetic sponge for 40 cycles, rotating the tiles 90 degreesevery 10 cycles for a complete 360 degree rotation of the tiles. Thetiles were then rinsed with city water and dried overnight at roomtemperature. Hunter Lab L* reflectance of the soiled tiles and washedtiles were measured. The soiled tiles L* reflectance value isrepresented by the following equation:

${{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} = \frac{1}{9.03\; {\ln \left( \frac{92.1 - 25.98}{{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{*}} - 25.98} \right)}}$

where 9.03, 92.1, and 25.98 are constants. The washed tiles L*reflectance value is represented by the following equation:

${{{wa}{shed}}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} = \frac{1}{9.03\; {\ln \left( \frac{92.1 - 25.98}{{{{wa}{shed}}\mspace{14mu} L^{*}} - 25.98} \right)}}$

The percent soil removal was then calculated as:

${{percent}\mspace{14mu} {soil}\mspace{14mu} {removal}} = {\left( \frac{{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} - {{washed}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}}}{{soiled}\mspace{14mu} L^{\prime*}} \right)*100}$

The compositions were evaluated based on the d-limonene containingcontrol formula.

Example 1

To test the ability of compositions of the present invention andcomparative compositions to remove red food soil from a surfaceaccording to the method described above, various compositions wereformulated at 4, 8 and 16 ounce per gallon concentrations.

Example 1 includes a commercially available degreaser composition(control A) with d-limonene, compared to the same degreaser compositionwith d-limonene replaced 1:1 with either Steposol MS-10 (RepresentativeComposition of the Invention 1) or Steposol M-10 (RepresentativeComposition of the Invention 2).

TABLE A Percent Red Food Soil Product Concentration Removal Water 73.03Control 4 77.48 (d-limonene) Control 8 80.11 (d-limonene) Control 1688.67 (d-limonene) Rep. 1 4 81.30 (Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 1 8 89.17(Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 1 16 95.65 (Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 2 4 80.38(Steposol M-10) Rep. 2 8 93.82 (Steposol M-10) Rep. 2 16 95.76 (SteposolM-10)

The example shows that the compositions with the alkyl amide replacingd-limonene cleaned better than the Control composition. The results areshown graphically in FIG. 1.

Example 2 Black Oily Soil Test Results

The same formulas in Example 1 were tested with black soil. The resultsare below in Table B and shown graphically in FIG. 2.

TABLE B Percent Black Oily Soil Product Concentration Removal Water68.07 Control 4 79.52 (d-limonene) Control 8 82.13 (d-limonene) Control16 87.83 (d-limonene) Rep. 1 4 79.88 (Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 1 8 81.31(Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 1 16 83.69 (Steposol M-8-10) Rep. 2 4 81.39(Steposol M-10) Rep 2 8 81.77 (Steposol M-10) Rep 2 16 82.96 (SteposolM-10)The alkyl amide solvent containing composition performed in mostdilutions at least as well as d-limonene on black soil.

Example 3 Asphalt Solubility Test

Place 0.25 gm asphalt cut-back (Gardner 0121 Foundation and RoofCoating) in bottom of vial. Allow to dry 3 days minimum.

Place 5 gm solvent in vial. Swirl. Observe.

A strong solvent will dissolve entire residue. The liquid will be black.

A medium strength solvent will dissolve part of the residue and theliquid will turn dark brown. A weak solvent will not dissolve any of theasphalt reside and will not turn color.

A table of various solvents and their ability to dissolve asphalt perthe above test is below in Table C.

TABLE C Asphalt Dissolution S = Soluble PS = Partially Soluble SolventLVP I—Insoluble Hydrocarbon d-Limonene no S Canola methyl ester Y PSLauryl lactate Y PS Ethyl laurate Y PS, S Glycerol mono C8-10 PSAmide/Amine Dimethylcaprylamide Y S Dimethyl capramide/caprylamide Y SEther Dowanol TPnB Y PS Hexyl cellosolve PS Hexyl carbitol PS IonicLiquid Oleyl ethylimidazolinium ethosulfate I Isostearylethylimidazolinium ethosulfate I Misc MMB PS Tall oil fatty acid PSn-oleoyl sarcosine PS

Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplaryembodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer toparticular features, the scope of this invention also includesembodiments having different combinations of features and embodimentsthat do not include all of the described features. Accordingly, thescope of the present invention is intended to embrace all suchalternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the scope ofthe claims, together with all equivalents thereof.

1: A cleaning composition comprising: (a) C₈ and/or C₁₀ dimethyl alkylamide solvent; (b) an anionic surfactant, (c) a cosolvent; and (d)water, wherein said composition is substantially free of d-limonene. 2:The cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the co solvent is selectedfrom the group consisting of: methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol,butanol, isobutanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, mixed ethylene-propyleneglycol ethers, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol methylether, propylene glycol propyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether,tripropylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether,diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether, ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol propyl ether, diethylene glycolethyl ether, triethylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol ethylether, and triethylene glycol butyl ether. 3: The composition of claim 1wherein said cosolvent is glycol ether. 4: The cleaning composition ofclaim 1 wherein said C₈ and/or C₁₀ dimethyl alkyl amide is saturated. 5:The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic surfactant is asalt. 6: The anionic surfactant salt of claim 5 wherein said salt is anamine salt. 7: The cleaning composition of claim 1, wherein the C₈and/or C₁₀ dimethyl alkyl amide solvent constitutes between about 0.5wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the cleaning composition. 8: The cleaningcomposition of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant constitutesbetween about 5 wt. % and about 40 wt. % of the cleaning composition. 9:The cleaning composition of claim 1, further comprising a chelantcomprising from about 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the cleaningcomposition. 10: The cleaning composition of claim 1 wherein saidcleaning composition is a pot and pan pre-soaking composition, a hardsurface cleaner or an asphalt dissolving composition. 11: An asphaltdissolving/hard surface cleaning/pot and pan pre-soak compositioncomprising: (a) a saturated di-methyl amide solvent; (b) an anionicsurfactant amine salt (c) a cosolvent, and (d) water, wherein saidcomposition includes less than 0.05 wt. % of d-limonene. 12: Thecleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said alkyl amide solvent is asaturated C₈ and/or C₁₀ dimethyl alkyl amide. 13: The composition ofclaim 11 wherein said composition includes less than 0.01 wt. % ofd-limonene. 14: The cleaning composition of claim 11, wherein thedi-methyl amide solvent constitutes between about 1.0 wt. % and about 25wt. % of the cleaning composition. 15: The cleaning composition of claim11, wherein the anionic surfactant constitutes between about 10 wt. %and about 35 wt. % of the cleaning composition. 16: The cleaningcomposition of claim 11, further comprising a chelant comprising fromabout 0.01 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the cleaning composition. 17: Thecleaning composition of claim 11 wherein said co solvent is a glycolether. 18: The cleaning composition of claim 11, wherein the cleaningcomposition has a pH of between about 6.5 and about
 10. 19: A method ofremoving asphalt, red food or black oily soils from a surface, themethod comprising: diluting a cleaner with water of dilution to form ause solution, wherein the cleaner comprises C₈ and/or C₁₀ dimethyl alkylamide solvent; an anoinic surfactant salt, a cosolvent; and water,wherein said composition is essentially free of d-limonene; andcontacting the surface with the use solution. 20: The method of claim 19wherein said soil comprises up to about 20% by weight proteins.